The Art of Humaning is not just a counselling service provider, but an educational channel dedicated to exploring the intersection of philosophy, psychology, ethics and spirituality.

Fourfold Humaning

First of all, in my opinion, it is illegitimate to put philosophy on the same level as the rest as if it is just another discipline. Rather, philosophy is a meta-discipline above psychology, ethics and spirituality. Together with natural science, these disciplines corresponds to the four interconnected dimension of the human being as below. My characterization of them is inspired by Heidegger and Chinese philosophy.

1. the Me (Eigenwelt): the personal
2. the Us (Mitwelt): the interpersonal
3. the Given (Umwelt): the impersonal, the conditioned/conditioning, the material, the “past”
4. the Open (Überwelt): the transpersonal, the free, creative, active, the spiritual, the “future”

Philosophy, as the study of being itself, is the interrogation and structuring of the fourfold, rendering a worldview in which these disciplines are embedded and acquire their fundamental meaning. Philosophy is the constant interpretation of this worldview of which it is both the product and the author.

Fragmentation of Worldview = Fall of Philosophy

Before the modern era, philosophy across the globe concerns itself with natural science, psychology, ethics and spirituality simultaneously, albeit with distinct expressions and emphasis. Or rather, the unitary study of all four aspects of Humaning is called philosophy. The fragmentation of worldview we suffer today (at least in the West) is one and the same process as the dropping out of philosophy as “just another discipline” – the loss of an overarching view, the unifying understanding that holds these disciplines in their rightful places. The Given stands out as the prominent focus (bias), and, natural science, the resultant narrative, even holds sway over the study of the Me and the Us (naturally not the Open because it is ruled out as metaphysical or mystical from the outset). For the Me, the sway of science has been “successful”, in the sense that psychology’s scientific authority is institutionalized, officially recognized and widely acknowledged, at least in the West, dominating people’s self-understanding. That is to say, people now understand who and what they are in terms of deterministic causality as informed by the Given “past”. For ethics, the situation has been chaotic, but we can expect the sway of science to “stabilize” and materialize with the rise of AI playing the role of the Supreme Decision Maker.

What’s wrong with all this? Well, let’s just talk about psychology first, since the problem has already become quite evident. Psychology is identifying more and more “mental illnesses” today without getting more effective in treating it. This is because the essence of the Me cannot be fully captured by the framework of natural science alone, even though the Me is inseparable from its naturalistic side. From the perspective of fundamental ontology, the Me is simultaneously constituted by its interaction with the body, other people and the cosmos (or God), so to speak. While box fitting is an inevitable strategy in science and theory development, there is a limit to the degree this can go on. The moment we put conceptual and economic convenience over human suffering it becomes a moral problem, not an epistemological problem.

Without the reflective light of philosophy, science tends to go even further in the same direction, mistaking more manipulation for more truth. With regards to the conceptualization of mental health, let us rewind and trace the historical route to find clues indicative of where the fragmentation occurred.

Etymology of the Mind, the Soul (Psyche) and the Spirit

One way of doing that is to look at the historical meanings of the respective suffixes of psychology, ethics and spirituality, which seem to us today to be distinct disciplines. Etymology reveals that the psyche, ethos (moral character), and the spirit, alongside related concepts such as the mind/mental, the soul, the intellect etc, are closely intertwined. Considering today’s common usage of these words, we seem to understand the mind/mental and the psychological as the same thing, as something that’s in your head with a biological basis and therefore scientifically discoverable; the soul and the spirit as belonging to the religious or metaphysical realm and having nothing to do with science; the intellect as the engine of both useful thinking and abstract nonsense.

Yet, are these things really different? Let’s pick out a few important word roots.

nous (Greek) — intellect, understanding, rational thought

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mens (Latin) — thinking, reasoning, understanding

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mind (English) — cognition, consciousness, perception, memory

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pneuma (Greek) — breath, vital life force, the animating principle

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spiritus (Latin) — breath, courage, the divine aspect of human being

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spirit (English) — the non-physical aspect of human being

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psyche (Greek) — soul, inner life, emotions, character

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anima (Latin) — soul, breath, the animating principle, emotions

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soul (English) — the moral essence of human being, personality, emotions

Following the revolution of modern science, the “mind/mental” now refers to cognitive functions with genetic and neurological basis, even if not physically observable. Mental illness, therefore, implies the malfunction pertaining to the brain organ. However, if we are loyal to the historical meaning of its Greek root, an “illness” of the nous amounts to wrong reasoning or irrational thought.

The “spirit” denotes the non-physical aspect of human being today, but started out having rather biological connotations in its Greek root. If we remain loyal to its historical meaning, spirituality precisely means nothing transcendental but is simply synonymous with life itself.

Today we understand psychology as a “science” that has nothing to do with metaphysics. Yet, etymologically speaking, “psyche” means the soul, which more or less means moral character made up of free choice and considered to survive after death. In this light, “psychology” should mean the systematic study of the soul, or even of destiny, if we are to consider the continuity of soul journey through lifetimes as well.

Difference Between Ethics and Morality

“Ethos” and “moralis” are Greek and Latin renderings of the same concept, but they acquire different denotations in English. The former denotes the code of conduct that regulates behavior among cohabitants or collaborators to ensure acceptability to everyone. Morals, on the other hand, emphasize the inner life or personal quality of action, understood as a result of free choice. Many philosophical counsellors, especially those influenced by Analytic Philosophy, concern themselves with ethics and work with organizations. Although the study of law and policy, as the objective side of ethics, has its philosophical aspects, historically speaking, it is the subjective side of ethics—namely, free will, moral responsibility, and the meaning of the self—that pertains to human flourishing and occupies a more central place in philosophy. The latter is embraced by Continental Philosophy, particularly Existentialism.

While the West prides itself on a dedicated study of laws and policies thanks to the separation of church and state, there are religions that also emphasize on mores and customs, and therefore law, as evident in Islam, the theology of which is tightly linked to jurisprudence. On the other hand, some philosophies focus on self-cultivation and moral development without invoking any supernatural entity, such as Confucianism.

Bringing Back Philosophy

I hope this article so far helps you recognize the historical and geographical contingency of the conceptual demarcations of the Western framework, which I believe is an important step in healing its fragmentation. More importantly, I wish to point out the irreplaceable role of philosophy by borrowing the story of the animated show, Avatar: the Air Last Bender.

In the fictional world of the story, there are peoples of Water Tribe, Fire Nation, Earth Kingdom and Air Nomads living harmoniously next to one another. These people can manipulate their respective elements, i.e. people from Water Tribe can “bend” Water, and people from Earth Kingdom can “bend” Earth, and so on, but only the Avatar can master all four elements and therefore is responsible for maintaining balance of the world. As the Avatar goes missing, Fire Nation goes out of control and starts invading other peoples, intending to conquer the world. The story begins with the reemergence of the lost Avatar to the mess he left behind and his journey of restoring balance to the world.

I think philosophy is like the Avatar, and the four aspects of Humaning are like the four elemental peoples (and we all know who Fire Nation is). Our desperate world today resembles a lot the beginning of the story, where people lost hope in the Avatar who is nowhere to be seen, thinking he/she is just a legend. While I think we can learn a lot from the story as to how to wisely restore balance to the world, perhaps we most urgently need to retrieve the Avatar first.

About the Author

The insights in this article are brought to you by Leanna Chan, M.A., a Philosophical Counsellor with a multicultural and meta-philosophical approach to addressing human struggles. With academic training and a deep personal involvement in Western, Indian, and Chinese spiritual-sophical traditions, Leanna is called to help individuals who feel lost and disoriented, offering a unique space for those yearning for life guidance that modern psychology falls short to offer. Leanna dedicates herself to self-cultivation practices to enhance her capacity to guide clients move toward a life of greater wisdom, authenticity, and purpose. To learn more about Leanna’s philosophical counseling services, please visit here.